SAFAVİD-OTTOMAN RELATİONS: A HİSTORİCAL ANALYSİS

Abstract

The Safavid and Ottoman Empires were two dominant powers in the early modern Islamic world, whose interactions shaped the political, religious, and cultural landscapes of the Middle East. This study explores the complex relationship between these empires, focusing on their territorial disputes, military conflicts, religious divisions, and diplomatic engagements. Beginning with the origins of their rivalry, the paper examines key battles such as the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) and the Siege of Baghdad (1534), highlighting the military strategies and technological advancements that influenced the outcomes of these conflicts. Additionally, the research analyzes the economic consequences of their wars, particularly the impact on trade routes and taxation policies. The study also delves into the reforms of Shah Abbas I, whose administrative, military, and economic policies strengthened the Safavid Empire and redefined its interactions with the Ottomans. Furthermore, the paper investigates the broader socio-cultural implications of the Safavid-Ottoman rivalry, including its role in deepening the Sunni-Shi’a divide. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these historical interactions, this study offers valuable insights into the enduring influence of Safavid-Ottoman relations on contemporary Middle Eastern geopolitics.